A lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion batteries) is a rechargeable energy storage device that uses lithium ions to move between the anode and cathode during charging and discharging. It’s the most widely used battery technology today. 

Modern lithium-ion batteries often include:

• Battery Management System (BMS): Monitors temperature, voltage, and current to prevent overcharging, over-discharging, and overheating.

• Thermal Management: Maintains safe operating temperatures for optimal performance.